Argumenta – Journal of Analytic Philosophy

A recent methodological approach at the interface of metaphysics and philosophy of science suggests that just like causal laws govern causation, there needs to be something in metaphysics that governs metaphysical relations. Such laws of metaphysics would be counterfactual-supporting general principles that account for the explanatory force of metaphysical explanations. There are various suggestions about how such principles could be understood. They could be based on what Kelly Trogdon calls grounding-mechanical explanations, where the role that grounding mechanisms play in certain metaphysical explanations mirrors the role that causal mechanisms play in certain scientific explanations. Another approach, by Gideon Rosen, takes it that there are essentialist principles or laws that tell us about what grounds what. Finally, Jonathan Schaffer defends an approach that he considers to be neutral regarding grounding or essences. In this paper I will assess these suggestions and argue that for those willing to invoke a non-modal notion of essence, there is a more promising route available: metaphysical and scientific explanations may be unified in terms of general essences. Accordingly, essentialists may be better viewed as outlaws when it comes to laws of metaphysics.

This paper discusses two interesting, related questions at the interface of metaphysics and philosophy of science. They are both linked to the idea that there is an important analogy—or more than just an analogy—between scientific explanations that involve causal laws or laws of nature (I use these notions synonymously), and metaphysical explanations that involve laws of metaphysics. Laws of metaphysics could be understood as counterfactual-supporting general principles that are responsible for the explanatory force of non-causal, metaphysical explanations. Here is a simple example, which assumes that set membership captures a distinctly metaphysical relation: ‘if Socrates exists (or existed), then the singleton set of Socrates, {Socrates}, exists’ (cf. Fine 1994, Schaffer 2018). And here is an analogous example of a counterfactual-supporting principle in the realm of laws of nature: ‘If a positively charged particle were to come in the vicinity of a negatively charged particle, these particles would attract each other’. The two questions to be discussed are…

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